Hydrogen plus battery storage could enable clean energy transition

From pv magazine USA

A combination of battery storage and hydrogen fuel cells could help the United States, as well as many other countries, to transition to a 100% clean electricity grid in a low-cost, reliable fashion, according to a new report from Stanford University.

The report, recently published iScience, takes a closer look at the costs involved with ensuring a reliable grid in 145 countries. It looks at nations that use renewable energy – including solar, wind, hydroelectric and geothermal resources – to power their grids, transportation, buildings, industry, agriculture, forestry, fishing and militaries. The researchers considered energy storage options such as hydropower, batteries and green hydrogen, which is produced using renewables.

The study showed that transitioning to clean energy could enable these countries to achieve overall annual energy cost reductions of around 61%.

“The first step is to electrify all energy sectors as much as possible … the efficiency of electricity over combustion reduces energy demand by 38%” when averaged over 145 countries, Mark Z. Jacobson, the author of the study and a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University, told pv magazine USA.

The second step is to provide the electricity with just wind-water-solar sources and storage. Eliminating energy to mine, transport, and refine fossil fuels and uranium saves another 11.3% of all energy worldwide, Jacobson added. End-use energy efficiency improvements beyond business as usual reduce energy requirements by another 6.6%, and a forecasted reduction in the cost per unit of energy of about 9% results in an overall annual cost savings to a country of 61%.

The study will help electricity system planners create a more efficient and cost-effective future energy system based on clean, renewable electricity, said Jacobson.

“The results provide countries with concrete evidence and the confidence that 100% clean, renewable grids not only lower costs but are also just as reliable as the current grid system,” he added.

The study uses three kinds of computer modeling: a “three-dimensional global weather-climate-air pollution model, a spreadsheet model and a model that matches electricity, heat, cold, and hydrogen demand with supply, storage and demand response assuming perfect grid interconnection,” according to a statement.

It found that while existing hydropower and batteries can ensure grid reliability, adding green hydrogen to the system can reduce the energy costs in some regions, although a combination of hydropower and green hydrogen with no batteries is always more expensive than a combination of the three. This is because every region with a highly renewable grid will need short-term bursts of power, such as that provided by hydropower or batteries, but not every region necessarily needs the long-term energy storage provided by hydrogen.

Green hydrogen storage can absorb excess electricity when there is too much wind or solar on the grid, and then provide storage on scales of hours to a few days, when wind and solar are not available and hydropower and batteries are depleted, said Jacobson.

But the technology still faces challenges. Like any storage type, up-front costs are always an issue, although the cost benefits are large in comparison, he said. Policymakers can help to address these challenges by focusing funding on solutions like battery storage and green hydrogen, rather than on carbon capture, direct air capture, blue hydrogen, non-hydrogen electro-fuels, small nuclear reactors, and bioenergy, said Jacobson.

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